As the number of loci increases, a discrete ratio converges to the bell curve of a continuous trait.
Additive alleles nudge by fractions of a millimeter. A single dominant mutation shifts by tens of centimeters.
Three patterns of how alleles influence traits — and why additive dominates.
When you adjust volume and bass boost simultaneously, how do you know which one changed the sound? Orthogonalization separates the additive signal (allele dosage: 0→1→2) from the dominance signal (heterozygote deviation: 0→1→0) so each can be measured independently.